Fig. 3

Modification techniques to facilitate PDEVs as the potential therapeutic nanocarriers. (A) Pharmacological particles directly encapsulated into the PDEVs. (B) Functional ligands effectively loaded onto the surfaces of EVs using a surface modification strategy. (C) Liposome-mediated membrane-fusion approach facilitating the design of advanced engineered PDEVs. (D) Bioactive agent-loaded MOF encapsulated into PDEVs, consequently prompting the targeted delivery of cargoes into recipient cells