Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of different modes of interaction between nanoparticles and targets in the inflammatory microenvironment. Nanoparticles are released from blood vessels into the pancreatic inflammatory microenvironment, which not only react with reduced oxygen and excess enzymes, ROS, and H⁺ to release imaging agents and drugs for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, but also act directly on these targets to reduce ROS and enzymes and increase oxygen. Additionally, inflammatory cells and bacteria can phagocytose nanoparticles for imaging and exert anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Meanwhile, M1 macrophages were shown to be regulated to M2 macrophages by the action of nanoparticles and changes in the microenvironment. The application of nanotechnology can monitor and reduce the severity of acute pancreatitis