Table 1 Nanotechnology-based strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis
From: Microenvironment of pancreatic inflammation: calling for nanotechnology for diagnosis and treatment
Category | Indicators | Nanoagents (Size) | Animal Models | Mechanisms | modes | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammatory cells | Macrophage | Lip-DTPA@AuNP(17.2 ± 2.1 nm) M-Gd-NL (120.2 ± 8.5 nm) Gd-DTPA-Cy5.5-PsLmAb (50 mm) CO-HbV(~ 280 nm) G4.5-COOH, G5-OH (5 nm) SPIO-clodronate-liposomes(100–200 nm) MU(175 nm) | Caerulein and LPS-induced AP L-arginine-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP, L-arginine-induced AP – Caerulein-induced AP Sodium taurocholate-induced SAP Caerulein-induced AP | Gd (III) contrast agents loading of AuNPs and localization to pancreatic tissue for MR imaging Targeting macrophages and increasing T1 Imaging ability P-selectin-targeted MR/NIRF bimodal imaging improves spatial resolution and sensitivity Targeting macrophages and polarizing macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype Inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation in macrophages and a reduction in inflammatory cells Selectively inducing macrophage apoptosis and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators Significantly inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 by macrophages | Diagnosis Diagnosis Diagnosis Therapy Therapy Diagnosis and therapy Therapy | [47] [48] [49] [56] [57] [59] [60] |
Neutrophil | tFNAs(~ 10 nm) CQ-LPs/TAM-NPs(152.8 ± 2.26/153.2 ± 3.05 nm) NNPs/CLT(61.4 ± 2.8 nm, 156.8 ± 2.3 nm, 303.7 ± 1.3 nm) | Sodium taurocholate-induced AP Caerulein and LPS-induce SAP 3% Sodium taurocholate-induce AP | Suppressing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and regulating the expression of specific apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins CQ in combination with TAM syner-gistically promoted iNOS/IDO expression Significantly downregulating the levels of serum amylase and pancreatic myeloperoxidase relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines | Therapy Therapy Therapy | [67] [68] [74] | |
Oxidative stress and ROS |  | CAPE-loaded-NL (309 ± 54 nm) RA-EMP (4.703 ± 0.114 nm) NC (82 ± 5.4 nm) NY (159 ± 7.5 nm) Pbzyme (~ 110-nm) MoSe2-PVP NPs (119.39 ± 13.94 nm) MoSe2@PVP NSs (86.278 ± 11.82 nm) Nano-Se (20–60 nm) CA-NPs (50–90 nm) | l-ornithine-induced AP l-arginine-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP Caerulein-induced AP l-arginine-induced AP l-arginine and gamma radiation -induced AP | Modulating Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Suppressing the effects of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines Upregulation of Nrf2, SOD1 and NQO1, downregulating the iNOS, p65-NF-κB, Hsp27 and Hsp70 Reducing mitochondrial and ER stress via modulation of Nrf2-NFκB pathway Inhibiting TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathways and scavenging ROS Mimicking CAT, SOD, POD, GPx and eliminating a variety of ROS Mimicking the intrinsic multi-enzyme antioxidant activities of CAT, POD, GPx and SOD to scavenge ROS and RNS Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and pro-apoptotic actions Down-regulating NLRP3, NF-κB and ASK1/MAPK signal pathways and reducing malondialdehyde and caspase-3 levels | Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy Therapy | [83] [84] [87] [88] [17] [89] [90] [91] [92] |
Enzymes | Lipase Proteolytic enzymes PLA2 | Gd-DTPA-FA(-) BRSNPs (268.65 ± 6.5 nm) LCNPs (89–127 nm) MΦ-NP(L&K) (~ 100 nm) | l-arginine-induced AP l-arginine-induced AP AP Caerulein-induced AP Choline-deficient ethionine (CDE) diet-induced AP | Upon enzymatic hydrolysis by lipase, the fat-soluble Gd-DTPA-FA is converted into a water-soluble Gd-DTPA complex, resulting in the changes of the signal intensities observed with MRI in vitro Inhibiting NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway Extending the circulation half-life of the model peptide compound somatostatin Effectively inhibiting PLA2 activity and PLA2-induced pancreatic injury | Diagnosis Therapy Therapy Therapy | [96] [97] [98] [99] |
pH |  | Porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites (~ 110 nm) Ca-CQ-pDNA-PLGA-NPs (~ 100 nm) FA-SF-NPs (186 nm) | Caerulein and LPS-induced SAP, l-arginine-induced SAP l-arginine-induced AP Biliopancreatic duct ligation- induced AP | Activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce the production of NF-κB and NLRP3 and the release of inflammatory factors Dramatically enhancing gene transfection efficiency showing high targeting efficiency in pancreas Suppressing the inflammation and oxidative stress | Therapy Therapy Therapy | [105] [106] [107] |
Multi-targeting |  | TMSN@PM (~ 142 nm) | l-arginine-induced AP | Scavenging the excess ROS, degrading, and releasing manganese ions for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging | Diagnosis and therapy | [13] |