Fig. 2
Effects of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (hASC-EVs) and H2O2 on dental follicle cell (DFC) activity, migration, and apoptosis. a Cell survival after the stimulation of DFCs with different H2O2 concentrations, measured using the CCK-8 assay. b Effects of various EV concentrations on cell proliferation were examined using the CCK-8 assay. c Effects of pretreatment with various EV concentrations on cell viability under H2O2 stimulation detected using the CCK-8 assay. d Western blot results showing changes in the NRF2 signaling pathway in DFCs at different periods following H2O2 stimulation. e Histogram illustrating the quantitative analysis of protein expression differences along the NRF2 signaling pathway between the groups. f Ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) staining fluorescence showing the effects of various treatments on cell proliferation. Scale bar = 100 μm. g Transwell assay-based detection of changes in cell migration ability. Scale bar = 100 μm. h TUNEL staining (red) to analyze DFC apoptosis; DAPI-stained cell nuclei (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. i Annexin V/PI double-staining flow cytometry measured apoptosis in H2O2-stimulated DFCs following hASC-EV pretreatment. Histograms of EdU cells (j), migrated cells (k), mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TUNEL (l), and apoptosis percentage in cells (m) in each group. Not significant (NS) is indicated by P > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001, compared to the control