Fig. 4

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles inhibit oxidative damage and promote dental follicle cell (DFC) osteogenesis and odontogenesis in an oxidative stress environment. Osteogenic differentiation was detected using a alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and b Alizarin red S staining (scale bar = 500 μm). c, d Immunofluorescence images displaying the manifestation of anti-COL1 and anti-OPN in DFCs (scale bar = 20 μm). Histograms showing quantification of the mineralization (e), ALP activity (f), mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of COL1 (g), and MFI of OPN expression (h). i Western blot analysis of changes in the expression of odontogenesis- and osteogenesis-associated proteins. j Histogram illustrating the quantitative analysis of COL1, RUNX2, DMP-1, DSPP, and periostin protein expression in different groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001, compared to the control