Fig. 1

Observation the SOCE on different Ti surfaces via Ti cross which was used to assist in observing living cells on the surface of opaque materials. (A) FE-SEM images of the sample surfaces. (B) Schematic diagram of observing calcium ion oscillation in living cells on the surface of titanium samples using laser confocal microscope and assisted by Ti cross. (C) Calcium traces of the cells on Ti plate treated with CM-4620, when the fluorescence of Calcium was monitored, the 2.5 µM TG was added, following by 2mM Calcium. (D) The quantification of the area under the curve (AUC) (n = 3). (E, F) Calcium fluxes and AUC following stimulation with TG and 2 mM calcium in mBMSCs on different surfaces (n = 4). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, Student’s t-test or One-way ANOVA, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001