Fig. 3

Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activity of PUA NPs@RES in vitro. A SOD level, B GSH level and C MDA level of H₂O₂-stimulated HK-2 cells after treatment with PUA NPs, RES, and PUA NPs@RES at an equivalent RES concentration of 5 μg/mL for 24 h. D Mitochondrial membrane potential of H₂O₂-stimulated HK-2 cells treated with PUA NPs, RES, and PUA NPs@RES at an equivalent RES concentration of 5 μg/ml for 24 h. Scale bar: 100 μm. E Flow cytometry analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential of H₂O₂-stimulated HK-2 cells after treatments for 24 h. F Cell apoptosis of H₂O₂-stimulated HK-2 cells after different treatments