Fig. 4

The microfluidic chips for fallopian tubes and uterus. a Microfluidic simulation of the fallopian tube, which established a tubal model on a chip to simulate in vivo embryo culture conditions. This novel on-chip fallopian tube model can optimize embryo culture conditions by reducing intracellular ROS levels. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [185]. Copyright (2022) Elsevier. b A microfluidic device was used to construct fallopian tube epithelial cells to study the behavior of sperm escaping from the fallopian tube surface [189]. Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. c Long-term in vitro co-culture of human endometrial stroma and endothelial cells on microfluidics [195]. Copyright 2017 SpringerLink. d An organ chip using human endometrial epithelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells to closely reproduce the endometrial microenvironment [197]. Copyright 2021 Oxford University Press. e A microfluidic chip was engaged to connect amniotic and chorionic mesenchymal cells, as well as chorionic trophoblast cells and decidual cells, researcher found that fetal exosome-mediated paracrine signals can cause inflammation and induce labor [198]. Copyright 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry