Fig. 5

Microfluidic chips for placenta and cervix. a A microfluidic chip was utilized to simulate placental trophoblast cells invading the maternal uterus as the maternal–fetal interface [217]. Copyright 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry. b The critical process of embryo adhesion to the endometrium and subsequent invasion of maternal tissue implantation and the placenta was reproduced in vitro using a microfluidic chip [218]. Copyright 2021 Springer Nature. c A human placenta-maternal interface organ chip was constructed using a microfluidic chip to test the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the drug [222]. Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry. d Microfluidic sperm sorting chip to simulate human cervical canal biophysical environment simulation system [227]. Copyright 2021 MDPI. e The vaginal organ chip model was used to better understand the interaction between vaginal microbiome and host tissue, and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of live biotherapy products [237]. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature