Fig. 6

Microfluidic chips for gynecological cancers. a The effects of stromal cells on the attachment and growth of tumor cells in early and late metastasis models were studied by using human peritoneal omentum and ovarian tumor microenvironment vascularization microfluidic model in vitro [264]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier. b Using 3D ovarian cancer nodules to study the role of fluid force as a biological regulator in metastatic cancer [265]. Copyright 2013 PNAS. c Microfluidic chip can detect lower levels of ovarian tumor-associated exosomes in plasma [267]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature. d Construction of microfluidic models for uterine diseases such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, and endometrial cancer [22]. Copyright 2022 Springer Nature. e A microfluidic nucleic acid-based biosensor to evaluate circulating host microRNAs in response to oncogenic human papillomavirus infection and related detection of cervical cancer [284]. Copyright 2016 MDPI