Fig. 2

Vesicle-Probe Vector Systems a Multilamellar Vesicles-Protein. Transferrin-bearing multilamellar vesicles encapsulating α-T3 suppressed the growth of A431 epidermoid carcinoma and B16-F10 melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Upon intravenous administration, the modified vesicles caused tumor regression within 24 h and continued for 11 days. By day 16, the tumor began to develop again, but subsequent treatment reverted this growth right away. In comparison, other treatments failed to cause tumor regression. Reprinted from Karim et al., 2017. b Exosome-Peptide. Modified exosomes, composed of membrane Anchor (BODIPY)-Spacer (PEG)-targeting Ligands (cyclic RGD peptide) (ASL), enhanced the stability, target delivery, therapeutic efficacies of DOX, and added imaging capabilities to exosomes as a theranostic agent. DOX carried by the ASL exosomes were able to image the tumor specifically and effectively limit the growth of the tumor without causing any substantial side effects. Reprinted from Kang et al., 2020. c Liposome-Antibody. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer. For the specific delivery of Lcn2 siRNA, liposomes were conjugated to ICAM-1 antibody via the DSPE-PEG-COOH anchor. They were capable of targeting TNBC cells and silencing the Lcn2 gene through the inhibition in vivo of angiogenesis. Representative micrographs are presented for the reduction of blood vessel formation in the treatment of antibody conjugated liposome, ICAM-Lcn2-LP. Reprinted from Guo et al., 2016. d Mimic vesicles (MVs) derived from erythrocytes-Aptamer. DOX and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) siRNA was loaded onto the MVs. The MV carriers could be readily obtained through extruding erythrocyte membranes. At 5 μg/mL of DOX concentration, the viability of P-gp siRNA/DOX-MV-treated groups dropped by ≤ 10%, in comparison to the 80% reflected in NC siRNA/DOX MV-treated groups. This suggests that the aptamer conjugated MVs successfully overcame drug resistance and synergistically kill MDR tumors. Reprinted from Wang et al., 2019