Fig. 4

Surface Display Methods a Schematic illustration of the secretion of outer membrane vesicles and direct display models including autotransporters, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and surface lipoproteins (SLPs). b Indirect display module. The specific bioconjugation system was utilized to produce an indirect display module between biological probing molecules and OM anchor proteins. c Outer Membrane Proteins. The diagram presents the cloning/ expression regions of a lead (Pb) adsorbing molecule ligated into the gene and displayed on the outer membrane of E. coli. Reprinted from Hui et al. 2018. d Slam-dependent surface lipoprotein (SLP) translocation. Reprinted from Huynh et al. 2022. e ClyA Fusion. The diagram depicts engineered OMVs, called AvidVax, designed for vaccine application. It displays a synthetic antigen receptor (SNAP-OMVs) that are remodeled with biotinylated antigens-of-interest using ClyA fusion technology. The surface of SNAP-OMVs can be remodeled with virtually any biomolecule amenable to biotinylation. Reprinted from Weyant et al., 2023. f SpyCatcher/SpyTag. Design of receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant antigens fused to N- and C-terminal of SpyTag and its subsequent display on the surface of OMVs. Reprinted from Jiang et al. 2022