Table 1 Lipid composition and marker molecules of liposomes and extracellular vesicles

Lipid components

Natural phospholipids

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid

[33]

Mammalian EV (Exosome)

Sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine

[34]

Synthetic phospholipids

DOPS / PEG-DSPE, DOPG, DOPE, DOTAP, HSPC, DOPC, POPC, DMPC

[35]

Bacterial OMV

Phosphatidic acid (PA), Phosphatidylinositol (PI), Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphatidylglycerol (PG), Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

[36]

Stearic acid-based synthetic phospholipids

DSPE, DSPA, DSPG, DSPC

[37]

Plant EV

Phosphatidic Acid (PA), Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

[22]

Palmitic acid-based synthetic phospholipids

DPPE, DPPA, DPPG, DPPC

[38]

Yeast vacuole

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine,

[31]

Markers

None

Mammalian EV (Exosome)

CD9, CD81, CD63, flotillin, TSG101

[39]

Bacterial OMV

OmpA porin protein (E. coli),

Serralysin (S. marcescens)

[30, 36, 40]

Plant EV

Tet8, PEN1, Ole e1, Ole e11, Ole e12

[41]

Yeast vacuole

Yck3, Env7

[42]