Table 2 Summary of proteins, peptides, and polymers used on Vesicle-Probe Hybrid VVS
From: Synergistic vesicle-vector systems for targeted delivery
Bioactive Probing Molecule | Linker Molecule | Vesicle Type | Properties | Target Site / Cell | Application/s | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proteins and Peptides | Transferrin | GHDC | Liposomes | higher transfection efficiency; premium targeting efficacy | SMMC-7721 cells | Liver Cancer Therapy | [4] |
Dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) | Multilamellar vesicles | Targeted delivery and Vitamin E entrapment | A431 epidermoid carcinoma and B16-F10 melanoma | Cancer Therapy | [80] | ||
T7 (L(HAIYPRH)) peptide | DSPE-PEG | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | Transferrin-overexpressing tumor cells | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | [47] | |
P1C peptide | Cell Penetrating Protein (CPP) | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | cancer cells | Cancer Therapy | [49] | |
P1C peptide | DSPE-PEG | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | αvβ3-expressing tumor cells | Cancer Therapy | [50] | |
Linear RGD | DSPE-PEG | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | RGD-overexpressing tumor cells | Breast Cancer Therapy | [51] | |
Gastrin Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) antagonist peptide | DSPE-PEG | Liposomes | Targeted delivery to GRPR expressing cells | GRPR expressing cells / Lung cancer cells | Lung Cancer Therapy | [52] | |
Her2-LAMP2 fusion protein | peptide linker flexible (GGGGS)3 linker | Exosomes | Targeted delivery | HCT-1165FR cells | Colon cancer Therapy | [53] | |
gp130 binding hydrophobic peptide (VTWTPQAWFQWV) | Dipalmitoyl-lysine-KSS-(SG)5-K3 | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | human glioma U251MG cells | Brain Cancer Therapy | [54] | |
Lactadherin | – | Exosomes, microvesicles | increase EV uptake by phagocytes | macrophages and microglia | Neuroinflammatory diseases | [55] | |
vesicular stomatitis virus-glycoprotein(VSV-G) | A/C heterodimerizer (AP21967) | Exosomes | increase the efficiency of their invasion of target tissues | skeletal muscle cells | Muscle atrophy Therapy | [56] | |
Antibodies | PD-L1 monoclonal antibody | DSPE-PEG-Mal | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | Multidrug-resistant tumor cells | Gastric Cancer Therapy | [60] |
(EGa1) anti EGFR | DMPE-PEG | Exosomes | improved circulation; avoid interaction with immune cells; tumor target delivery | Tumor cells | Cancer Therapy | [61] | |
anti T cell CD3 and HER2 | flexible (GGGGS)3 linker | Exosomes | Targeted delivery | Breast cancer cells | Breast Cancer Therapy | [81] | |
Anti CD3-anti EGFR complex | flexible (GGGGS)4 linkers | Exosomes | Targeted delivery | TNBC cells | Antitumor immunity | [82] | |
Anti SIRPα-anti CD47 complex | pH-sensitive benzoic-imine bonds | Exosomes | Increased tumor phagocytosis | 4T1 tumor cells | Anticancer therapy | [83] | |
Anti-ICAM-1 antibody o | DSPE-PEG | Liposomes | Targeted delivery | Breast cancer cells | Breast Cancer Therapy | [62] | |
Aptamer | anti-EGFR aptamer (Apt)-conjugated chitosan (Apt-Cs) | Chitosan | Liposomes | superior biostability; binding specificity for EGFR-mutated cancer cells | EGFR-mutated lung cancer cells | Lung Cancer Therapy | [75] |
RNA aptamer specific to the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) | DSPE-PEG2000 | Liposomes | Targeted delivery, Promote tumor size regression | LNCaP cells, LNCaP xenograft mice | Prostate Cancer Therapy | [76] | |
AS1411 DNA aptamer conjugated with truncated tissue factor (tTF) | Sulfo-SMCC | Liposomes | Induced intravascular thrombosis solely in tumors | tumor vascular endothelial cells | Cancer Therapy | [84] | |
AS1411 aptamer | direct exosome-aptamer binding via covalent bond | Exosomes | Increased binding affinity and absorption rate | CT26 cells | Colorectal cancer Therapy | [85] | |
Sgc8 aptamer (PTK7) | diacyl lipid | Exosomes | Cell-type-specific recognition, Increased cell delivery capacity of drugs | CEM cells | Cancer Therapy | [86] | |
AS1411 DNA aptamer | Cholesterol linkage | Erythrocyte ghosts derived mimic vesicles | Targeted delivery | Multidrug-Resistant tumors | Cancer Therapy | [79] | |