Fig. 2

ROS generation ability and in vitro antibacterial performance. a ·OH generation of using TA method. b The generation of ·O₂⁻ using NBT method. c ¹O₂ generation of DPBF method; d ESR measurements of ·OH of VS₄, MXene and 3VSM. e ESR measurements of ·O₂⁻ of VS₄, MXene and 3VSM. f ESR measurements of ¹O₂ of VS₄, MXene and 3VSM. n = 3 independent experiments per group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s. stands for not significant