Fig. 4
Osteogenesis of 3VSM in vitro and osteogenic mechanism. the cyto-compatibility of VS4 and 3VSM tested by CCK-8 method in a day 1, b day 3 and c day 7. d relative ALP activity after 21 days of CTRL, MXene, 3VSM, US, MXene+US, 3VSM+US. RT-qPCR results about e OPN and f ALP in groups of CTRL, MXene, 3VSM, US, MXene+US, 3VSM+US. g ALP and h OPN immunofluorescence staining images of hBMSCs after 21 days in different groups: CTRL, 3VSM, US, 3VSM+US. i ARS staining images and j quantitative analysis of hBMSCs after 21 days in different groups: CTRL, 3VSM, US, 3VSM+US. k Vanadium element release of 3VSM on day 1, 7, 14 and 28 with or without US treatment. n = 3 independent experiments per group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n.s. stands for not significant