Fig. 4

The main concerned properties and common methods in the characterization of exosomes. A Different performance of different separation methods under the same representation method. (i) MSC-derived exosomes were isolated by UC and TFF; (ii) Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis was used to measure particle size and number. (iii) Western bolt testing surface markers; (iv) Exosomes under transmission electron microscopy (left: UC, right: TFF, scale bar: 100 nm). Reproduced with permission. [75] Copyright 2021, SAGE Publications Ltd. B Characterization of mouse bone marrow-derived exosomes. (i) Flow chart of exosome isolation; (ii) Particle size and particle number were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nano-tracking analysis (NTA), respectively; (iii) Exosomes under transmission electron microscopy; (iv) Flow cytometry was used to detect surface markers. Reproduced with permission. [97] Copyright 2017, Springer Nature Ltd.