Fig. 1

Characterization of fabricated scaffolds. A Representative photos and SEM images of different scaffolds. B EDS elemental mapping of carbon (C), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) for different samples. C, D Water contact angles and the quantification results of different surfaces. E, F Surface roughness and the quantification results of different scaffolds. G FTIR analysis for different scaffolds. H XRD analysis for different scaffolds. I Tensile stress–strain curves of different scaffolds. J Compressive stress–strain curves of different scaffolds. n = 3. ***P < 0.001