Fig. 10

Evaluation of the remodelling effects of GDNPs on the intestinal flora. Abundance of microorganisms in each group at the class level (A) and order level (B). Chao index, Shannon index and number of observed species of intestinal flora in the different animal groups (C). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) (D). Hierarchical clustering tree on order level (E). Venn diagram showing bacterial composition of the microbiome of the different animal groups (F). Heat map of species composition at the class level (G). The microbial composition of each group at the phylum level (H). A CTRL group, B DSS group, C DSS + Sulfasalazine group, D DSS + LC GDNPs group, E DSS + HC GDNPs group. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 3.*p < 0.05 vs. mice treated with DSS only (Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunnett’s post-hoc test)