Fig. 4

Effects of GDNPs on RAW264.7. Distribution of intracellular DHE under a fluorescence microscope. Scale bar: 400 μm (A). Flow cytometry to detect the fluorescence intensity of DHE (B). Intracellular mito tracker assay (C) and changes in intracellular MMP (D) visualized using the red/green ratio. Scale bar: 400 μm. Expression of ROS in the presence of LPS and LPS/GDNPs (E). Quantification diagram of DHE by fluorescence microscope (F). Quantification diagram of DHE by flow cytometer (G). Quantification of mito tracker fluorescence (H). Quantification of JC-1 fluorescence (I). Image processing was performed using ImageJ analysis software. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 3. ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.01 vs. Control; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. LPS-stimulated cells (One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test)