Fig. 7

GDNPs repair the first line of defense in the intestinal barrier—intestinal epithelial cells. cck8 assay for the detection of cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells treated with different concentrations of GDNPs (A). Intracellular NO levels (B), Intracellular ROS levels (C) and DHE fluorescence levels in LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells with and without different concentrations of GDNPs. Scale bar: 400 μm. D Detection of fluorescence intensity of tight junction proteins by immunofluorescence (occludin). Scale bar: 10 μm. E Expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1) at the transcriptional level (F). Expression of inflammation-related proteins at the transcriptional level (G). Changes in levels of tight junction proteins and inflammatory proteins (H). Quantification of DHE fluorescence intensity (I). Image processing and densitometric analysis were performed using ImageJ analysis software. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 3. ^#p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. Control; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. LPS-stimulated cells (One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test)