Fig. 1

The sources of EVs and their delivery methods. EVs exhibit diverse origins, including umbilical cord-derived cells, stem cells, immune cells, and platelets. Their administration in wound healing can be categorized into systemic and local delivery. Systemic administration faces challenges like quick clearance by liver and spleen macrophages, while local delivery risks absorption into the bloodstream or rapid EV elimination due to external factors. EV-loaded hydrogels can offer protection and sustained release of EVs, and exhibit biocompatibility and malleability, making them a promising strategy for wound healing