Fig. 3

Electrochemical characterization of the construction process of a PDA-assisted Apt-TDNA microelectrode sensor for exosome detection. a CV. b DPV. c EIS. d Anchoring time optimization of Apt-TDNA. e, f Feasibility of Apt-TDNA microelectrode sensor and evaluation of non-specific binding. Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, three technical replicates. Two-tailed Student’s t tests were used for comparisons, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001