Fig. 2

Effects of 2D NMs on lipid disturbance. A Detailed numbering for each PIP₂ molecule at the start of the simulations (0 ns), and their terminal orientations (420 ns). B Vertical distance between the PH-domain hydrolysis site of each PIP₂ molecule and the inner membrane surface. The upward elongation trend of #4, #7 and #9 PIP₂ supports the frequent “flip-flop switching”, leading to more hydrolysis sites embedded within membrane. C Diagram of P-sheet regulated IP3 signal transduction to inhibit ER stress mechanism. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [⁹⁹], Copyright 2022, Elsevier). D Final snapshots of the large MoS2 and MoS2-PEG nanoflakes binding to the macrophage membrane surface. E Potential of mean force (PMF) curve showing the free energy as the MoS2/MoS2-PEG moving along the z-direction, normal to the macrophage membrane surface. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁰], Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry). F Structure at the initial moment of production simulation with GO-PEG in the horizontal mode and vertical mode. G Representative fluorescence imaging on lipid aggregation of macrophage with and without GO-PEG stimulation. The membrane lipids were labeled with lipophilic β-BODIPY dye. H Typical linear overlay analysis of zoomed section in white rectangular region suggests that integrin β8 and talin-1 co-localization increases after GO-PEG stimulation. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰²], Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons)