Fig. 4

2D NMs as antigen carriers. A Tumor size changes post inoculation monitored every 2 days. B Proportion of CD3⁺/CD8⁺/IFN-γ.⁺ cells in splenocytes from vaccinated mice with the cells pulsed with Trp2 for 48 h. C The levels of IFN-γ in medium with splenocytes pulsed with Trp2 for 48 h. D In vivo CTL responses after vaccination with various NPs. E Schematic presentation for s-BTLC and a-BTLC to penetrate into dLNs. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁴⁷], Copyright 2018, Elsevier) F Flow cytometry (FACS) data showing the improved OVA internalization in BMDC with or without the assistance of GO after 12 h OVA pre-incubation and 48 h post-culture period. G Transmission electron microscopy images of autophagy procedure undergone by the GO pulsed DCs. Typical double-membrane autophagosomes (indicated by double-head arrows) were found in GO (indicated by red stars) treated BMDC. Scale bar: 200 nm. H Cytokine profile of the antigen-challenged BMDC at different coincubation (BMDC-CD8 T) times. I Comparison of the Cy5-OVA distribution with or without GO after subcutaneous administration in the hindneck of C57BL/6 mice. J Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the APC recruitment in mice immunized with GO–OVA. (Reproduced with permission from Ref., [¹⁴⁸] Copyright 2015, The Royal Society of Chemistry)