Fig. 5

2D NMs as immunomodulators. A Schematic illustration of macrophage polarization by SV@BMs. B Percentages of M1-like macrophages in each group after 24 h. C The volume of the tumor measured by T₂-MRI. “Pre” means the initial tumor size before treatment and “after” means the tumor size at the end time point of observation. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁵³], Copyright 2022, Elsevier) D Atomic force microscopic (AFM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and TEM images of graphene oxide, carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes, respectively. Scale bars: 200 nm. E Inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages when exposed to different PEGylated carbon nanomaterials, normalized by surface area and concentration. F Conjecture for interaction modes between carbon nanomaterials and cell membranes resulting in different levels of cytokine secretion. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁴], Copyright 2017, Springer Nature)