Fig. 3
Adhesion properties of ultrasound-powered hydrogels. (a) Schematic illustration of the KGBO piezoelectric hydrogel fixing bone fragments and facilitating bone regeneration. (b) The experiment of end-to-end adhesion strength test. (c) The end-to-end adhesion strength of GO, 0.1KBGO, and 0.5KBGO hydrogels. (d) Stress-displacement curves of end-to-end adhesion tensile test. (e) The experiment of lap-shear adhesion strength test. (f) The lap-shear adhesion strength of GO, 0.1KBGO, and 0.5KBGO hydrogels. (g) Stress-displacement curves of lap-shear adhesion tensile test. (h) Adhesion interfaces of end-to-end adhesion. (i) Adhesion interfaces of lap-shear adhesion. (j) Images of glued pig femur bone pieces with 0.1KBGO piezoelectric hydrogel. (k) The ultrasound-powered self-adaptive hydrogel filling irregularly shaped bovine bone defects. Scale bar represents 2 cm. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was performed for statistical analysis (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)