Fig. 3

The effect of the 3D-printed scaffolds on BMSCs osteo-/angiogenesis and macrophage reprogramming, A–H qRT-PCR analysis in BMSCs of osteogenesis-related genes (BMP-2, COL-1, OCN, OPN, Osteonectin and RUNX-2) and angiogenesis-related genes (bFGF and VEGF) after cultured for 4, 7, and 10 days. I–L qRT-PCR analysis in macrophages of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory genes (IL-10 and TGF-β) after cultured for 1 and 3 days. M Schematic illustration of the effects of SGC scaffold on osteo-/angiogenesis of BMSCs and polarization of macrophages. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01 or.^***P < 0.001