Fig. 1

Production of four distinct sEVs: NC-sEVs, USPIO-sEVs, EMF-sEVs, and EMF-USPIO-sEVs. (A) Schematic representation of an innovative sEVs production system employing EMF and USPIO. B-D: Evaluations of the USPIO include zeta potential (B), diameter measurements (C), and morphological analysis (D). (E) Results from the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay for BMSCs subjected to various conditions, with USPIO concentrations at 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL and EMF intensities of 0, 1, 2, or 5 mT. (F) TEM images of BMSCs without USPIO treatment. The right image is an enlargement of the marked box in the left image. (G) TEM images of BMSCs with USPIO treatment. The black dotted box indicates USPIO internalization by BMSCs, and the red arrows point to the USPIO