Fig. 5

Evaluation of the polarization of macrophages incubated with different ApoEVs. A Immunofluorescence staining of CD86 and CD206 in BMDMs treated with different ApoEVs. B Representative histograms of flow cytometric results: percentages of CD86(+) or CD163(+) BMDMs. C Immunofluorescence staining of M2 macrophage surface markers (CD206) and M1 macrophage surface markers (CD86) in synovial tissues. D qPCR analysis of M1 (IL-1β, TNF-a, and CD86)/M2 (Arg, CD163, and IL-10) gene expression in BMDMs cultured with different ApoEVs. E, F Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence staining for CD206 and CD86 in BMDMs (E) and synovial tissue (F). G–J Annexin and 7-ADD staining and flow cytometry analysis of chondrocytes after coculture under different conditions (J). The percentages of apoptotic cells in the different groups (G). H, I Images of TUNEL staining of chondrocytes treated with different ApoEVs (I). Quantitative analysis of TUNEL staining (H). Statistical analysis: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference, n = 3