Table 1 Different Mpox vaccines

Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV)

First-generation

US FDA authorized as IND/EUA

In the Strategic National Stockpile, another replication-competent vaccination against the vaccinia virus (VACV) is called APSV. It is anticipated that the safety profiles of APSV and ACAM2000 will be similar.

[70, 71]

ACAM2000

Second-generation

US FDA Approved (August 2007)

ACAM2000, a 2nd generation smallpox vaccine based on replicating the VACV, received a license from the US FDA in 2007. It is derived from a Dryvax clone. ACAM2000 may result in severe adverse effects.

[72, 73]

JYNNEOS (IMVAMUNE,

MVA-BN, Imvamune, Imvanex)

Third-generation

US FDA Certified

The Vaccination Institution Ankara maintains the dermal vaccinia strain Ankara (chorioallantois VACV Ankara, or CVA), isolated from a horsepox viruslesion in Ankara, Turkey. This strain is the source of modified vaccinia Ankara. To prevent orthopoxvirus infection before exposure to those at risk of contracting Mpox disease, JYNNEOS is advised.

[66, 74]

LC16m8

Third-generation

Japan extended the indication of this vaccine (August 2022)

To lessen the chances of problems caused by autoinoculation, a clone of LC16 was chosen for further study because of its ability to create microscopic pocks on chorioallantois membranes (CAM). Although it is associated with slower development in mammalian tissues, this trait is prized for prolonging the pock response. After six further passes in the primary rabbit kidney at a lower temperature, the virus was ready to be cultured on chicken embryo fibroblast cells. Clone 8 (or LC16m8) is the final attenuated strain. Using information from animal studies, which shows protection against Mpox in non-human primates injected with these immunizations, researchers may make educated guesses about the efficacy of vaccines against Mpox. Additionally, clinical trial data is utilized to evaluate the vaccines’ immunogenicity in human patients.

[66, 67, 75]