Original organs | Original cells | Cargo | Potential effects | Biological function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bone-derived EVs | BM-MSCs | NEP, miR-29, Catalase, SphK/S1P | Beneficial | Increase BDNF, activate SphK/S1P signaling, degrade Aβ | |
BM-EPCs | Angiogenic factors | Beneficial | Repair damaged microvascular endothelium | [67] | |
BM-immune cells | Unknown | Beneficial | Degrade Aβ | [70] | |
Osteocytes | Aβ degradation and mitochondrial energy metabolism factors | Beneficial | Ameliorate cognitive impairment, degrade Aβ | [47] | |
BM-immune cells | Unknown | Detrimental | Produce Aβ oligomers, neuroinflammation | ||
Adipose tissue-derived EVs | AD-MSCs | NEP, let-7b, miR-9, miR-124 | Beneficial | Degrade Aβ, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection | |
Adipocyte | miR-9-3p, miR-6760-3p, miR-6798-3p | Detrimental | Downregulate BDNF, downregulate CREB signaling | ||
Microbiota-derived EVs | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila | Unknown | Beneficial | Increase BDNF, upregulate MeCP2 and Sirt1 | |
Helicobacter pylori | LPS, peptidoglycan, toxin | Detrimental | Activate C3-C3aR signaling, induce neuroinflammation | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paenalcaligenes hominis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | LPS, peptidoglycan, toxin | Detrimental | Induced cognitive impairment |