Fig. 2

A porcine model of esophageal stricture is induced by near-circumferential ESD. A Proposal for investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of the sponge scaffold encapsulated with the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)-derived exosomes in preventing esophageal stricture in pigs. B Fluorescent microscopy showed the fluorescence signals of PKH26 labelled MSC-Exo at the submucosa of esophagus (Scale bars, 100 μm). Quantitative analysis showed approximately 44.6% of the tissue cells took in the released MSC-Exo at the surgical site. C Endoscopic surveillance on day 7, 14, and 21 was conducted to evaluate the esophageal stricture in pigs. D Comparison of the mucosal stricture rate among three groups. E Comparison of the weight loss among three groups. All data are shown as the means ± SEM. Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by a Tukey post hoc analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. PO pre-operation