Comparative lung toxicity of engineered nanomaterials utilizing in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches

Table 1 Physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENM)

Chemical	ID	Primary diameter^a(nm)	Hydrodynamic diameter^b(nm)				Surface area (m²/g)	Raw density^e(g/cm³)	Equivalent primary diameter^f(nm)	Agglomerate density^g(g/cm³)		Crystal form
			Water	Saline	CM^c	CM^c				CM^c(*ex vivo*)	CM^c(*in vitro*)
			Water	(*in vivo*)	(*ex vivo*)	(*in vitro*)				CM^c(*ex vivo*)	CM^c(*in vitro*)
SiO₂	SiO₂ (10)	5-15^a	401 ± 13	574 ± 96	458 ± 66	342 ± 44	590-690^a	2.65	3.54	1.06 ± 0.01	1.07 ± 0.01	Amorphous
CeO₂	CeO₂ (23)	15-30^a	131 ± 55	269 ± 91	796 ± 46	432 ± 133	30-50^a	7.22	20.79	1.49 ± 0.03	1.88 ± 0.45	Cerianite
CeO₂	CeO₂ (88)	70-105^a	162 ± 60	239 ± 52	500 ± 38	220 ± 31	8-12^a	7.22	83.16	2.78 ± 0.18	4.23 ± 0.58	Cerianite
TiO₂	TiO₂ (10)	10^a	402 ± 16	739 ± 10	645 ± 3	660 ± 62	100-130^a	3.90	12.33	1.19 ± 0.00	1.19 ± 0.02	Anatase
TiO₂	TiO₂ (200)	200^a	387 ± 12	690 ± 29	493 ± 6	417 ± 22	6.99^d	3.90	202.92	2.65 ± 0.03	2.86 ± 0.12	Anatase

^aprovided by the manufacturer.
^bdetermined by dynamic light scattering and expressed as mean ± SEM of multiple measurements.
^cCM: culture medium.
^dobtained from Sanders et al. [15].
^eobtained from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [16].
^fcalculated from equivalent primary diameter =6/(SSA × ρ)[17],[18], where SSA is specific surface area, and ρ is raw nanomaterial density.
^gcalculated from the Sterling equation [19], agglomerate density = (1-(1-(d _H /d _Eq ) ^DF-3 ))ρ + (1-(d _H /d _Eq ) ^DF-3 )ρ _media, where d _H is hydrodynamic diameter, d _Eq is equivalent primary diameter, DF is theoretical fractal dimension (assuming DF =2.3 [20]), ρ is raw nanomaterial density, and ρ _media is media density (assuming ρ _media = 1 g/cm³).

ISSN: 1477-3155