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Table 2 Effects of the negative control corundum, the positive control quartz DQ12, and the 20 test materials on the NR8383 cells

From: An in vitro alveolar macrophage assay for predicting the short-term inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials

Test material

μg/mL

LDH

GLU

TNF-α

ROS/H2O2

[% of PC]

[% of PC]

[% standard]a

[% of PC]

Corundum

0

18.5 ± 2.7

3.7 ± 0.6

0.0 ± 0.0

2.7 ± 1.7

22.5

17.3 ± 3.6

3.7 ± 0.6

14.3 ± 4.8

1.0 ± 0.3

45

20.2 ± 3.1

4.2 ± 0.8

14.7 ± 5.7

1.4 ± 0.8

90

23.2 ± 2.5

4.5 ± 0.2

16.5 ± 7.1

1.9 ± 0.9

180

25.8 ± 2.5

4.7 ± 0.5

26.0 ± 5.1

2.2 ± 1.3

Quartz DQ12

0

20.5 ± 1.3

3.7 ± 0.6

0.0 ± 0.0

2.7 ± 1.7

22.5

18.5 ± 2.6

4.2 ± 1.7

8.3 ± 5.1

3.6 ± 2.7

45

31.3 ± 6.0

6.4 ± 1.5

47.6 ± 12.1*

3.4 ± 2.6

90

66.4 ± 6.3*

15.0 ± 3.4*

80.9 ± 10.4*

4.6 ± 2.3

180

95.4 ± 5.2*

31.7 ± 4.9*

95.8 ± 1.4*

5.7 ± 3.8

TiO2 NM-105

0

18.0 ± 2.2

4.3 ± 3.5

0.0 ± 0.0

4.9 ± 4.3

22.5

14.0 ± 2.9

3.5 ± 0.9

19.2 ± 17.2

4.9 ± 4.3

45

26.2 ± 6.1

5.4 ± 1.7

25.8 ± 16.9

5.4 ± 4.9

90

53.6 ± 5.9*

11.5 ± 1.7*

55.4 ± 7.6*

5.0 ± 3.1

180

69.2 ± 1.1*

18.6 ± 0.7*

59.6 ± 6.6*

4.6 ± 4.8

ZnO NM-111b

0

27.4 ± 1.4

4.2 ± 2.5

0.0 ± 0.0

0.3 ± 0.2

2.8/22.5

34.4 ± 1.4

4.1 ± 2.0

18.5 ± 5.0

0.0 ± 0.1

5.6/45

36.7 ± 1.1*

7.7 ± 0.9

19.1 ± 0.5

0.3 ± 0.5

11.3/90

39.1 ± 1.7*

18.2 ± 8.6*

13.2 ± 2.1

0.4 ± 0.6

22.5/180

127.0 ± 2.7*

19.9 ± 4.6*

89.1 ± 1.4*

0.3 ± 0.7

nano-CeO2

0

25.0 ± 2.9

5.2 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 0.0

22.5

18.5 ± 5.1

4.2 ± 0.2

20.5 ± 9.8

1.3 ± 0.2

45

28.4 ± 3.3

4.5 ± 0.1

35.8 ± 23.9*

1.2 ± 0.5

90

45.1 ± 2.1*

5.4 ± 0.2

89.3 ± 10.6*

2.8 ± 1.0

180

74.3 ± 9.3*

9.8 ± 0.5*

96.2 ± 5.3*

4.7 ± 1.1

Al-doped CeO2

0

25.0 ± 2.9

5.2 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 0.0

22.5

26.0 ± 8.4

5.0 ± 0.1

64.9 ± 35.2*

3.1 ± 0.1

45

56.5 ± 11.2*

8.6 ± 0.8

84.7 ± 14.1*

3.2 ± 0.5

90

84.1 ± 15.0*

19.8 ± 1.3*

89.8 ± 9.9*

4.2 ± 1.5

180

91.1 ± 14.7*

25.0 ± 0.3*

88.4 ± 12.6*

5.7 ± 0.5

CeO2 NM-211

0

25.0 ± 2.9

5.2 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 0.0

22.5

26.5 ± 8.5

6.0 ± 0.1

70.8 ± 11.1*

0.6 ± 0.9

45

38.9 ± 7.8

5.7 ± 0.2

65.4 ± 13.3*

0.3 ± 0.7

90

56.5 ± 7.0*

6.7 ± 0.2

75.0 ± 17.2*

2.7 ± 1.2

180

75.0 ± 7.1*

9.9 ± 0.1*

85.6 ± 15.6*

4.4 ± 1.7

CeO2 NM-212

0

25.0 ± 2.9

5.2 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.0

1.3 ± 0.0

22.5

17.9 ± 7.8

4.9 ± 0.4

63.8 ± 29.4*

1.8 ± 0.8

45

29.2 ± 12.0

6.0 ± 2.2

66.7 ± 26.3*

1.1 ± 2.1

90

45.7 ± 14.6*

5.4 ± 0.2

76.9 ± 22.0*

2.9 ± 0.2

180

69.0 ± 16.6*

9.9 ± 0.8*

88.5 ± 10.7*

1.8 ± 0.5

SiO2.naked

0

19.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 2.0

0.0 ± 0.0

3.7 ± 2.1

22.5

40.5 ± 2.6*

5.0 ± 1.2

79.6 ± 3.0*

4.6 ± 2.9

45

87.6 ± 9.8*

14.7 ± 3.7*

93.4 ± 5.7*

10.7 ± 3.8*

90

100.1 ± 5.8*

24.6 ± 4.5*

77.3 ± 30.7*

13.9 ± 1.6*

180

83.8 ± 19.0*

25.8 ± 3.7*

65.0 ± 33.2*

14.1 ± 2.3*

SiO2.PEG

0

19.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 2.0

0.0 ± 0.0

3.7 ± 2.1

22.5

22.8 ± 5.2

3.1 ± 0.6

26.2 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 4.3

45

30.5 ± 7.0

3.5 ± 1.1

26.2 ± 2.4

6.7 ± 4.1

90

69.9 ± 7.9*

10.8 ± 2.4*

61.6 ± 6.4*

10.2 ± 5.7

180

87.8 ± 7.8*

24.4 ± 4.5*

91.2 ± 4.4*

14.6 ± 6.8*

SiO2.amino

0

19.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 2.0

0.0 ± 0.0

3.7 ± 2.1

22.5

22.0 ± 1.8

3.0 ± 0.5

44.4 ± 3.8*

4.4 ± 1.8

45

70.4 ± 2.3*

8.2 ± 1.5*

99.1 ± 1.1*

5.5 ± 3.0

90

96.2 ± 13.1*

17.9 ± 5.4*

99.1 ± 1.1*

6.6 ± 3.5

180

99.7 ± 12.2*

25.8 ± 8.4*

98.3 ± 0.8*

13.0 ± 6.8*

SiO2.phosphate

0

19.9 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 2.0

0.0 ± 0.0

3.7 ± 2.1

22.5

16.6 ± 2.5

2.3 ± 0.5

25.0 ± 4.9

10.1 ± 4.2

45

29.8 ± 12.5

3.1 ± 0.3

19.9 ± 5.1

25.4 ± 6.2*

90

41.7 ± 21.7*

4.8 ± 1.4

53.0 ± 24.7*

37.2 ± 8.1*

180

48.6 ± 22.1*

7.3 ± 5.0*

78.7 ± 8.8*

36.8 ± 6.4*

SiO2 NM-200

0

13.2 ± 1.2

4.8 ± 3.1

0.0 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.2

22.5

61.0 ± 2.1*

14.0 ± 5.6*

34.2 ± 25.0*

0.5 ± 1.5

45

90.8 ± 18.7*

26.6 ± 9.1*

46.2 ± 21.4*

0.5 ± 1.0

90

94.9 ± 13.8*

30.0 ± 4.8*

61.3 ± 22.6*

0.4 ± 1.0

180

88.2 ± 15.0*

23.5 ± 7.2*

72.0 ± 18.6*

0.3 ± 1.1

SiO2 NM-203

0

13.2 ± 1.2

4.8 ± 3.1

0.0 ± 0.0

0.4 ± 0.2

22.5

83.9 ± 23.6

33.7 ± 6.4*

50.2 ± 16.7

0.7 ± 1.1

45

88.1 ± 13.8

34.3 ± 5.1*

49.8 ± 14.2

0.7 ± 1.2

90

85.3 ± 16.3*

30.1 ± 8.7*

50.0 ± 18.3

0.5 ± 0.8

180

86.7 ± 16.2*

32.2 ± 5.7*

64.4 ± 18.0*

0.3 ± 0.7

AlOOH

0

20.5 ± 1.5

3.6 ± 0.1

0.0 ± 0.0

0.3 ± 0.1

22.5

20.7 ± 1.6

3.5 ± 0.1

5.2 ± 0.3

0.0 ± 0.0

45

22.7 ± 1.6

3.3 ± 0.1

13.4 ± 1.8

0.0 ± 0.0

90

39.9 ± 0.1*

4.4 ± 0.1

14.8 ± 0.2

0.2 ± 0.3

180

61.5 ± 0.4*

6.6 ± 0.2

37.6 ± 4.1*

0.2 ± 0.2

BaSO4 NM-220

0

22.2 ± 0.9

3.0 ± 0.3

0.0 ± 0.0

1.8 ± 2.0

22.5

24.0 ± 3.0

4.0 ± 0.3

0.0 ± 0.0

1.8 ± 2.1

45

27.5 ± 3.3

3.6 ± 0.4

0.0 ± 0.0

1.8 ± 2.4

90

30.2 ± 4.6

3.8 ± 0.3

0.0 ± 0.0

1.7 ± 2.0

180

37.1 ± 5.9

3.8 ± 0.4

2.5 ± 0.1

1.7 ± 1.8

Fe2O3 (hematite)

0

22.1 ± 1.9

1.2 ± 1.0

0.0 ± 0.0

2.0 ± 0.8

22.5

20.0 ± 0.6

1.6 ± 0.7

17.5 ± 4.2

3.1 ± 0.6

45

25.4 ± 5.4

2.1 ± 0.5

16.5 ± 0.4

3.5 ± 0.4

90

26.0 ± 0.6

2.2 ± 0.4

32.1 ± 10.3*

4.1 ± 0.6

180

25.6 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.5

64.3 ± 33.2*

4.0 ± 1.0

ZrO2.TODA

0

22.7 ± 3.5

2.8 ± 2.1

0.0 ± 0.0

1.1 ± 0.6

22.5

25.7 ± 3.5

2.9 ± 1.1

21.8 ± 3.9

1.8 ± 0.5

45

39.9 ± 7.9*

3.0 ± 1.1

21.8 ± 6.4

5.8 ± 1.6

90

70.2 ± 8.4*

5.4 ± 0.8

68.7 ± 15.5*

8.3 ± 1.4*

180

81.2 ± 12.8*

7.2 ± 0.2

87.9 ± 10.5*

8.0 ± 2.3*

ZrO2.acrylatec

0

22.7 ± 3.5

2.8 ± 2.1

0.0 ± 0.0

1.1 ± 0.6

35

29.6 ± 8.4

3.3 ± 1.2

25.3 ± 4.7

0.7 ± 2.1

70.5

49.0 ± 13.6*

4.9 ± 1.6

48.5 ± 5.5*

7.4 ± 0.5

141

73.9 ± 11.3*

11.7 ± 3.7*

90.5 ± 1.7*

15.2 ± 2.8*

283

80.8 ± 4.1*

19.7 ± 5.8*

90.8 ± 6.2*

22.5 ± 4.7*

DPP orange N

0

22.1 ± 1.9

1.2 ± 1.0

0.0 ± 0.0

2.0 ± 0.8

22.5

19.9 ± 1.9

1.8 ± 0.6

25.9 ± 16.5

1.0 ± 0.1

45

22.7 ± 1.9

2.3 ± 0.6

48.7 ± 37.7*

1.5 ± 0.4

90

25.7 ± 1.1

3.2 ± 0.4

66.0 ± 57.0*

2.2 ± 0.4

180

28.4 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.7

81.5 ± 30.9*

3.3 ± 1.3

Pigment blue 15:1

0

20.5 ± 1.3

4.2 ± 0.2

Not determined

0.2 ± 0.2

22.5

17.4 ± 3.1

6.0 ± 0.3

0.0 ± 0.0

45

20.0 ± 3.6

8.4 ± 3.5

0.0 ± 0.0

90

41.0 ± 7.2*

10.6 ± 0.6*

0.0 ± 0.0

180

88.0 ± 7.9*

21.9 ± 2.2*

0.0 ± 0.0

Graphite nanoplatelets

0

22.1 ± 1.9

1.2 ± 1.0

0.0 ± 0.0

2.0 ± 0.8

22.5

24.2 ± 2.6

2.6 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 2.9

1.4 ± 0.8

45

26.3 ± 1.9

3.3 ± 1.2*

8.4 ± 4.8

2.1 ± 1.2

90

29.9 ± 0.4

5.7 ± 1.9*

30.2 ± 17.2*

4.1 ± 2.0

180

37.8 ± 3.3

11.8 ± 2.5*

74.8 ± 9.4*

7.1 ± 1.3

  1. To test for significance, test values were compared to those from non-treated vehicle controls using 2-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc multiple comparison test, and p ≤ 0.05 was assessed as significant (*)
  2. aMeasurements of TNF-α are expressed as L929 fibroblast lysis relative to non-treated medium controls, which were set to 0 %
  3. bDue to its high bioactivity, ZnO NM-111 was tested for release of LDH and TNF-α at 2.8–22.5 μg/mL, whereas GLU and H2O2 formation were assessed at 22.5–180 μg/mL
  4. cFor technical reasons, ZrO2.acrylate was assessed at 35–283 μg/mL
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Journal of Nanobiotechnology

ISSN: 1477-3155

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