Fig. 4
SCBD-produced nanostructured zirconia surfaces have the potential to modulate adhesion-related processes. a, b Representative asperity maps of ns-Zr substrates with different roughness (Rq = 15, 25 nm, respectively). For details, see Additional file 2: Figure S2 and “Methods” section. c, d Asperity clusters highlighted from the asperity maps shown in panels a, b after grouping asperities separated by less than 60 nm (a reference bar with length 60 nm is shown). e, f The graphs show cumulative distribution of (e) asperity diameters and (f) the asperity area of ns-Zr15 and ns-Zr25 substrates