Fig. 2

Viability of NIH/3T3 and 4T1 cells after treatment in the dark and upon irradiation. a, b NIH/3T3 and 4T1 cell viability after 24 h of exposure to NanoGO and MB in the dark, respectively. p values were calculated by ANOVA two-way test. c Combined PDT/PTT treatments in both cell lines using NanoGO-MB (NanoGO 12.5 µg mL⁻¹ and MB 2.5 µg mL⁻¹) as a photodynamic and photothermal agent. p values were calculated by the Student’s t test. Mean ± SD (n = 4) of three independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001