Table 1 Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Aloe vera

Leaf gel (removed skin)

5–50 nm; octahedron

Flavanones and terpenoids

Logaranjan et al. [35]

Leaf

70.7–192.02 nm; spherical (size varies through change of times and temperatures)

Lignin, hemicellulose and pectins

Tippayawat et al. [36]

Leaf

Size varies in accordance to different parameters; spherical

Flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols

Moosa et al. [37]

Mangifera indica

Seed

14 nm; spherical and hexagonal

Phenolic compounds, gallotannins and tannin

Sreekanth et al. [38]

Erigeron bonariensis

Leaf

13 nm; spherical

Flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, triterpenes, sugars and caffeoyl derivatives

Kumar et al. [39]

Myristica fragrans

Bark and seeds

Spherical, polydispersed

Secondary metabolites

Jelin et al. [40]

Momordica charantia

Leaf

11 nm; spherical

Momorcharins, momordenol, momordicius, momordin, momordolo, charantin, charine, cucuritanes, cucurbitns, goyaglycosides and goyasaponins

Ajitha et al. [41]

Carambola

Fruit

16, 13, 12 nm at pH 4, 7, 10 respectively

Polysaccharides, polyols and ascorbic acid

Chowdhury et al. [42]

Rubus glaucus

Fruit

12–50 nm; spherical

Phenolic groups and flavonoids

Kumar et al. [43]

Prunus serotina

Fruit

20–80 nm (blue LED) 40–100 nm (white solar); spherical

Chlorogenic acid, catechin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol glycosides

Kumar et al. [44]

Piper nigrum

Seeds

10–60 nm; rod shaped

Polysaccharides, amino acids, alkaloids, proteins and vitamins

Mohapatra et al. [45]

Nigella sativa

Leaf

15 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, ascorbic acid, saponins, glycosides, amino acids, flavonoids like catechin, apigenin, gallic acid and benzoates especially vanillic acid

Amooaghaie et al. [46]

Calotropis gigantean

Flower

10–50 nm; spherical

–

Pavani et al. [47]

Acmella oleracea

Flower

2–20 nm; spherical

–

Raj et al. [48]

Piper betle

Leaf

48–83 nm; spherical

Allylic benzenes, phenolic, amino acids, proteins, alcoholic compounds, terpenes and terpenoids

Kamachandran et al. [49]

Morinda tinctoria

Leaf

80–100 nm; spherical and rod

Ascorbic acid, niacin, copper and iron

Vennila and Prabha [50]

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Seeds

20–50 nm; spherical

Saponins and alkaloids

Meena and Chouhan [51]

Picrasma quassioides

Bark

17.5–66.5 nm; spherical

–

Sreekanth et al. [52]

Rosa ‘Andeli’

Petals

0.5–1.4 nm; spherical

Polyphenols and flavonoids

Suarez-Cerda et al. [53]

Salvadora persica

Stem

1–6 nm; spherical

Phenolic compounds

Tahir et al. [54]

Artemisia absinthium

5–20 nm; round shaped

Phenolic compounds and flavonoids

Ali et al. [55]

Chelidonium majus

Aerial parts

DLS-253.3 nm; spherical, quasi-spherical

Flavonoids and alkaloids

Barbinta-Patrascu et al. [56]

Calotropis procera

Flower

35 nm; face centered cubic

Tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides

Babu and Prabu [57]

Sterculia acuminata

Fruit

~ 10 nm; spherical

Ascorbic acid, gallic acid, phenolic compounds, pyrogallol, methyl gallate and polyphenolic compounds

Bogireddy et al. [58]

Terminalia cuneata

Bark

25–50 nm; spherical

Tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, gallic acid, ellagic acid and phytosterols

Edison et al. [59]

Cirsium japonicum

Plant

4–8 nm; spherical

Saponins, proteins and flavonoids

Khan et al. [60]

Isatis tinctoria

Plant

10–15 nm; spherical

Saponins and flavonoids

Ahmad et al. [61]

Aegle marmelos

Fruit

22.5 nm; spherical, hexagonal, roughly circular

Phytosterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids and amino acids

Velmurugan et al. [62]

Trachyspermum ammi

Seeds

36 nm; cubic

Fatty acids, proteins, flavonoids and alkaloids

Chouhanand Meena [63]

Eucalyptus globulus

Leaf

1.9–4.3 and 5–25 nm with and without microwave treatment respectively

Alkaloids and flavonoids

Ali et al. [64]

Cydonia oblonga

Seeds

38 nm; face-centered cubic

Flavonones, terpenoids, proteins and amino acids

Zia et al. [65]

Hydrocotyle asiatica

Leaf

21 nm; spherical

Flavonoids and glycosides

Devi et al. [66]

Lantana camara

Leaf

33.8 nm; spherical

Flavonoids, proteins, saccharides secondary metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids and triterpenoids

Manjamadha and Muthukumar [67]

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

Seeds

50–80 nm; spherical

Carbohydrates and phenolic compounds

Basu et al. [68]

Pennyroyal sp.

Leaf

19.14 ± 9.791 nm; spherical

–

Sedaghat et al. [69]

Saraca indica

Leaf

23 ± 2 nm; spherical

Flavonoids and steroids

Perugu et al. [70]

Terminalia chebula

Fruit

30 nm; distorted spherical

–

Edison et al. [71]

Euphorbia amygdaloides

Plant

7–20 nm; spherical

–

Cicek et al. [72]

Pedalium murex

Leaf

50 nm; spherical

Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, rosins, saponins and proteins

Anandalakshmi et al. [73]

Chelidonium majus

Root

15.42 nm; spherical

–

Alishah et al. [74]

Salacia chinensis

Powdered plant

20–80 nm; spherical, rods, triangular, hexagonal

Flavonoids, saponins, proteins, carbohydrates and phenolics

Jadhav et al. [75]

Tamarindus indica

Seed coat

~ 12.73 nm

Flavonoids, tannin and saponins,

Ramamurthi et al. [76]

Parkia roxburghii

Leaf

5–25 nm; poly dispersped, quasi-spherical

Proteins

Paul et al. [77]

Aristolochia indica

Leaf

32–55 nm; spherical

–

Shanmugam et al. [78]

Cerasus serrulata

Leaf

10–50 nm; spherical

Alcohol and phenolic compounds and proteins

Karthik et al. [79]

Matricaria camomilia

Flower

8–35 nm; spherical

Terpenoids, flavones and polysaccharides

Parlinska-Wojtan et al. [80]

Flower

~ 5.5 nm; spherical

Phenolics, carbonyl and amines or alcohol groups

Ocsoy et al. [81]

Fruits

~ 15.4 nm; spherical

Phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and vitamins

Swamy et al. [82]

Alpinia calcarata

Root

5–15 nm; quasi-spherical

Proteins, flavonoids and polyphenols

Pugazhendhi et al. [83]

Salvinia molesta

Leaf

12.46 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, sugars and proteins

Verma et al. [84]

Helicteres isora

Root

16–95 nm; spherical

Steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds

Bhakya et al. [85]

Mukia maderaspatana

Leaf

158 nm; spherical

Phenolic compounds

Harshiny et al. [86]

Ficus benghalensis and Azadirachta indica

Bark

60 nm; spherical

Flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols

Nayak et al. [87]

Azadirachta indica

Leaf

34 nm; spherical and irregular shape

Flavanoids and terpenoids

Ahmed et al. [88]

Adathoda vasica

Leaf

10–50 nm; spherical

Alkaloids compounds

Latha et al. [89]

Amaranthus gangeticus

Leaf

11–15 nm; globular and polycrystalline

Amino acids

Kolya et al. [90]

Phlomis

Leaf

25 nm; spherical

Glycosides such as flavonoids, iridoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and other phenolic compounds

Allafchian et al. [91]

Syzygium alternifolium

Fruit

4–48 nm; spherical

Phenols and primary amines of proteins

Yugandhar et al. [92]

Afzelia quanzensis

Bark

10–80 nm; spherical

Proteins

Moyo et al. [93]

Allamanda cathartica

Flower

39 nm; spherical

(E,E)-geranyl linalool, n-pentacosane, 1,8-cineole and n-tricosane

Karunakaran et al. [94]

Carica papaya

Peel

10–30 nm; spherical

Vitamins (C, K, E), amino acids, carbohydrates, β-carotene, lycopene and polyphenols

Kokila et al. [95]

Vitis vinifera

Leaf

200 nm; spherical

Hydroxyl groups and phenolic compounds mainly myricetin, ellagic acid, kaempferol and gallic acid

El-Sherbiny et al. [96]

Solanum indicum

Leaf

10–50 nm; spherical

Phenolic compounds

Sengottaiyan et al. [97]

Tectona grandis

Leaf

26–28 nm; spherical

Phenols

Devadiga et al. [98]

Soymida febrifuga

Leaf

10–20 nm; spherical

Phenolic groups, amino acids, aliphatic and aromatic amines, amide-I and amide-II

Sowmyyan and Lakshmi [99]

Cardiospermum halicacabum

Leaf

SEM-less than 100 nm; spherical

Polyphenols and phenol

Sundararajan et al. [100]

Ammannia baccifera

105–125 nm; spherical

Polyphenols, flavonoids and proteins

Jadhav et al. [101]

Diospyros paniculata

Root

17 nm (avg); spherical

Phenolics and proteins

Rao et al. [102]

Simarouba glauca

Leaf

33–50 nm; spherical

Amino groups and hydroxyl groups

Kanchana and Zantye [103]

Origanum majorana and Citrus sinensis

Leaf

40–70 nm; feather and 26–60 nm; spherical, cubical respectively

Proteins and phenolic compounds

Singh et al. [104]

Salmalia malabarica

Gum

7 ± 2 nm; spherical

Carbonyl and hydroxyl group

Krishna et al. [105]

Psidium guajava

Leaf

10–90 nm; spherical

Leucocyanidin, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carotenes, vitamin C, B6 and carbohydrates

Bose and Chatterjee [106]

Allium cepa

Bulb

–

–

Balamanikandan et al. [107]

Justicia glauca

Leaf

10–20 nm; spherical

Phenolic compounds

Awad et al. [108]

Skimmia laureola

Leaf

Irregular, spherical, hexagonal

Tritepenoids, skimmidiol and coumarins

Ahmed et al. [109]

Andrographis echioides

Leaf

~ 68.06 nm; cubic

Carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenols, steroids, phytosteroids and anthraquinones

Elangovan et al. [110]

Putranjiva roxburghii

Leaf

5.74 nm; spherical

Amino groups

Ali et al. [111]

Ixora coccinea

Flower

5–10 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and carbohydrates

Nalvolthula et al. [112]

Emblica officinalis

Fruit

10–70 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, phenolic compounds, amino acids and tannins

Ramesh et al. [113]

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Petals

~ 18.79 nm; spherical

Proteins

Nayak et al. [114]

Bauhinia variegata

Leaf

32 nm; spherical, triangular, truncated triangles, decahedral

Reducing sugar, saponins, anthraquinone, alkaloids and terpenoids

Govindarajan et al. [115]

Pteridium aquilinum

Leaf

SEM-35–65 nm; spherical

Phenols, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins. glycosides, steroids and triterpenoids

Panneerselvam et al. [116]

Aristolochia indica

Leaf

30–55 nm; spherical and cubical

Phenols

Murugan et al. [117]

Cassia roxburghii

Leaf

~ 32 nm; spherical, triangular, truncated triangles, decahedral

–

Muthukumaran et al. [118]

Anisomeles indica

Leaf

TEM-18–35 nm; SEM-50–100 nm; spherical

Alcohols, phenols and carboxylic group

Govindarajan et al. [119]

Hybanthus enneaspermus

Plant

16–26 nm; spherical, hexagonal, triangular

Proteins

Suman et al. [120]

Amaranthus dubius

Leaf, stem, root

Stem: 30–35 nm; Root: 18–21 nm; Leaf: 18–21 nm

Polyphenol compounds and aldehydes

Sigamioney et al. [121]

Ziziphus jujuba

Fruit

25.75 nm; spherical

Alcohols and phenols

Sreekanth et al. [122]

Chrysophyllum oliviforme

Leaf

25 nm; flower

Flavonoids, saponins, catechic tannins, traces of anthraquinones, reducing sugars and phenolic compounds

Varghese et al. [123]

Plumeria alba

Flowers

~ 36.19 nm; spherical

Amino, carboxylic and sulfhydryls

Mata et al. [124]

Impatiens balsamina

Flowers

5–40 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and carbohydrates

Nalavothula et al. [125]

Fraxinus excelsior

Leaf

25–40 nm; spherical and polydisperse

Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, amino acid residues and peptides of proteins

Parveen et al. [126]

Pongamia pinnata

Leaf

AFM-15–35 nm; spherical

Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds and fat

Priya et al. [127]

Pongamia pinnata

Seed

5–30 nm; spherical

Pongaflavanol, tunicatachalcone, pongamol, galactoside and glybanchalcone

Beg et al. [128]

Areca catechu

Nut

18.2 and 24.3 nm; spherical

Polyphenols

Rajan et al. [129]

Ficus talboti

Leaf

9–12 nm; spherical

Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, phytosterol and glycosides

Arunachalam et al. [130]

Sida cordifolia

Leaf

10–30 nm; spherical, prism

Alkaloids, quinazolines, cryptoleptins, phytosterols, flavonoids and saponins

Srinithya et al. [131]

Clerodendrum phlomidis

Leaf

TEM 10–15 nm; SEM 23–42 nm; spherical

Phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids

Sriranjani et al. [132]

Theobroma cacao

Pod husk

4–32 nm; face-centered cubic

Proteins and phenolic compounds

Lateef et al. [133]

Ficus carica

Fruit

20–80 nm (thermal approach), 10–30 nm (ultra sonication approach); spherical

–

Kumar et al. [134]

Parkia speciosa Hassk

Pod

20–50 nm; predominantly spherical

–

Fatimah [135]

Boerhaavia diffusa

Whole plants

25 nm; spherical

Vijay Kumar et al. [136]

Pelargonium endlicherianum

Roots

Different size; spherical

Gallic acid, apocynin and quercetin

Karatoprak et al. [137]

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Seeds

10.78 nm; irregular

Lectin—a single major protein

Jagtap and Bapat [138]

Ceropegia thwaitesii

Leaf

100 nm; spherical

Triterpenoids; and methoxy groups of protein

Muthukrishnan et al. [139]

Alternanthera sessilis

Leaf

30 nm; various shape

Alkaloid, tannins, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates and proteins

Niraimathi et al. [140]

Dryopteris crassirhizoma

Rhizome

5–60 nm; almost spherical

Alcohol, amines, alkanes, carboxylic acid and or ester

Lee et al. [141]

Leptadenia reticulate

Leaf

50–70 nm; crystalline, face centered and spherical

Phenolics, terpenoids, polysaccharides and flavones

Swamy et al. [142]

Ipomoea batatas

Root

TEM 30–120 nm; AFM 50–200 nm; polygonal

Glycoalkaloids, mucin, dioscin, choline, polyphenols and anthocyanins

Wang et al. [143]

Sambucus nigra

Fruit

26 nm; spherical

Polyphenols

Moldovan et al. [144]

Millettia pinnata

Flower

16–38 nm; spherical

Multi-functional aromatic gropus

Rajakumar et al. [145]

Coptis chinensis

Plant extract

15 nm; spherical

Polyphenols

Ahmad et al. [146]

Lycium barbarum

Fruit

3–15 nm; spherical

Tannias, flavanoids, ascorbic acid and alkaloids

Dong et al. [147]

Embelia ribes

Seed

20–30 nm; crystalline, uniform and spherical

Alkaloids, quinones, proteins, reducing sugars and saponins

Dhayalan et al. [148]

 Zizyphus xylopyrus

Bark

60–70 nm; spherical

Reducing agents

Maria et al. [149]