Fig. 4

Bactericidal activities of various nanostructured surfaces. Columns are displayed as average percentage of dead cells per imaging field. For each type of surfaces, two independent experiments with three images per sample per experiment were performed. Images were taken at the fixed locations on each sample to obtain a statistical overview. Error bars are shown as standard error for at least three images. The statistical significance was determined for each data set using the unpaired, parametric, two-tailed t test. *P < 0.001 vs. the control substrate