From: Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences
Target | Immunosensor design | Detection methods | Antibody | Antibody binding | Detection limit | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | Graphene oxide cellulose nanopaper | Photoluminescence | Antihuman IgG Ab | Conjugation process | 1.60Â ng/mL | [50] |
Graphene/PMMA | Electrical | Anti E. coli O157:H7 antibody | – | 10 CFU/mL | [38] | |
Graphene | Electrical | Anti-E. coli antibody | Via PASE linker | 10Â CFU/mL | [31] | |
Graphene | Electrical | Anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies | Via PASE linker | 10–107 cells/mL | [32] | |
Reduced graphene oxide | Electrical | Generic anti-E. coli antibody | EDC–NHS chemistry | 103 CFU/mL | [37] | |
Salmonella typhimurium | GO–AgNPs nano composite | Cyclic voltammetry | Anti-S. typhimurium | EDC–NHS chemistry | 10 CFU/mL | [39] |
Zika virus | Graphene | Electrical | Anti-Zika NS1 | NHS surface chemistry | 0.45Â nM | [33] |
Dengue virus | Graphene oxide | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | 4G2 monoclonal antibody | Electrostatic bond | 0.12Â PFUÂ /mL | [34] |
Adenovirus | Graphene quantum dots | Optoelectronic | Anti-adenovirus, Group II (HEV) polyclonal antibody | Electrostatic bond | 8.75 PFU/mL | [51] |
Avian influenza virus H7 | Gold nanoparticle–graphene nano composites (AuNPs–G) | Electrochemical immunosensor | H7-polyclonal antibodies and H7-monoclonal antibodies | EDC/NHS chemistry | 1.6 pg/mL | [41] |
Influenza A virus | Graphene oxide-MB–chitosan | Electrochemical | Monoclonal antibodies (H5N1 or H1N1) | Covalent and crosslinked via chitosan | 9.4 pM and 8.3 pM | [48] |
Cholera toxin | Graphene–polypyrrole | Surface plasmon resonance | Anti-CT | π–π interactions | 4 pg/mL | [52] |
Rotavirus | Graphene oxide | Photoluminescence | Rotavirus antibodies | Carbodiimide-assisted amidation reaction | 105Â PFUmL | [35] |
Hepatitis C virus | Graphene quantum dots with silver nanoparticles | Electrochemical immunosensing | Anti-HCV antibody | NH2 group of antibody was covalent attachment to the AgNPs | 3Â fg/mL | [40] |
HIV | Peptide- functionalized UCNPs to graphene oxide | Fluorescence | Anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibody | π–π interactions | 2 nM | [47] |
Celiac disease | Polyamidoamine dendrimer with GQDs on AuNP embedded in MWCNT | Electrochemical | Anti-tTG antibody | EDC/NHS chemistry | 0.1 fg per 6 µL | [46] |
Alzheimer disease | Magnetic core-plasmonic shell nanoparticle attached hybrid graphene oxide | Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy | Cy3 antibody | Amine functionalization | 100Â fg/mL | [44] |
Cardiovascular diseases | Graphene oxide | Electrochemical | PAC1 antibody | EDC/NHS chemistry | – | [36] |
Hormones | Reduced graphene oxide | Electrochemical | Anti-GHRL and anti-PYY | EDC–NHS chemistry | 1.0 pg/mL GHRL and 0.02 pg/mL PYY | [53] |
Cancer | Magnetic Fe3O4@GO composites | Electrochemical | RAB0331 for PSA and Lifeome Biolabs/Cusabio EL008782HU-96 for PSMA | EDC–NHSS | 15 fg/mL for PSA and 4.8 fg/mL for PSMA | [45] |
Graphene–PYR–NHS | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | Monoclonal antibody anti-carcinoembryonic antigen | Non-covalent modification | less than 100 pg/mL | [54] | |
Reduced graphene and gold nano particle | Electrochemical | Anti-estradiol antibody (curve) | EDC–NHS | 0.1 fmol | [42] | |
Reduced graphene oxide gold nano particle | Electrochemical | p53 antibodies | Electrostatic interactions | 0.088Â pg/mL | [43] | |
β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene nanosheet | Electrochemical | CEA primary antibody (Ab1), and CEA secondary antibody (Ab2) | EDC–NHS | 20 fg/mL | [49] |