Table 4 Recent studies using graphene-based materials to immobilize enzymes

Laccase, HRP

Fe₃O₄–rGO

–

–

Adsorption

–

[109]

Laccase

GO–rhodium nanoparticles

17β-estradiol

Electrochemical

Donor–acceptor interactions

0.9–11 pM

[110]

Laccase

Palladium–copper nanocages on rGO

Phenol

Electrochemical

Adsorption

0.005–1.155 mM, 1.655–5.155 mM

[111]

Laccase

Yolk shell Fe₂O₃

2,6-dimethozyphenol

Electrochemical

Gluaraldehide reaction

0.025–750 μM

[112]

Laccase

Graphene–cellulose microfiber

Catechol

Amperometric

Adsorption

0.085–209.7 μM

[113]

Laccase

MoS₂ and graphene quantum dots

Caffeic acid

Electrochemical

Electrostatic interaction

0.38–100 μM

[126]

HRP

CaCO₃ microspheres encapsulated with a graphene capsule

Hydrogen peroxide

Electrochemical

Absorption 

0.01–12 mM

[114]

HRP

3D graphene/methylene blue-carbon nanotubes

Hydrogen peroxide

Electrochemical

In-situ self-polymerized polydopamine

0.2 μM–1.1 mM

[127]

Bilirubin Oxidase

Electrochemically reduced GO

–

–

Adsorption

–

[116]

GOx

ZnS–graphene

Hydrogen peroxide, glucose

Electrochemical

–

–

[117]

GOx

Silk–graphene field effect transistor

Glucose

Electrical

Hydrophobic interaction

0.1–10 mM

[118]

GOx

Nanostructured graphene with conducting polyaniline

Glucose

Electrochemical

Adsorption

10.0 μM–1.48 mM

[119]

GOx

TiO₂–GO–OISL

Hydrogen peroxide

Electrochemical

Immobilization

1–120 μM

[120]

GOx

Chitosan/Nafion/Pt nanoparticle/SGGT

Hydrogen peroxide, glucose

3–300 μM, 0.5 μM–1 mM

[121]

GOx

GO modified by amidation

Glucose

–

Carbodiimide coupling

–

[122]

GOx

3D GO and PANI

Glucose

Electrochemical

–

0.07–1.10 mM

[123]

GOx

AuPd–rGO–polyimide

Hydrogen peroxide, glucose

Electrochemical

Adsorption

0.004–1.0 mM, 0.024–4.6 mM

[124]

GOx

3D graphene

Glucose

Electrochemical

–

0.3–6 mM

[125]