Table 1 Redox nanoparticles: examples with characteristics
Redox nanoparticle | Abbreviation | Type | Toxicity | Size (nm) | Short characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) aminomethylstyrene] | PEG-b-PMNT | NRNPN | Low—does not show any cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 8 mM | ~ 50 | Effectively removes ROS at the site of post-reperfusion syndrome Can be used as a new type of drug in redox nanomedicine Alternative treatment for N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-side effects like fever, rash, low blood pressure [42] |
Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)aminomethylstyrene | MeO-PEG-b-PMNT | NRNPN | No toxicity found | 40 | ROS-scavenging ability; effective protection of neuronal cells against OS [21]; biocompatible, stable, colloidal; long-term circulation ability in the bloodstream; protection against radiation-induced weight loss; reduction of the ROS-associated skin aging and skin damage caused by UV exposure [52]; potential use for oral treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; absorption to blood after disintegration in stomach; reduction of inflammation and liver fibrosis [22]; disintegration in acidic environments through protonation of amino groups in the RNPN core after oral administration; inflammation reduction; inhibition the development of colitis-associated colon cancer [53] |
Methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)oxymethylstyrene | MeO-PEG-b-PMOT | NRNPO | Concentrations of up to the 10 mg/mL do not show any cytotoxicity | ~ 40 | Long blood circulation ability; ROS-scavenging ability and antioxidant activity; treatment significantly enhanced survival of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae treated with ROS inducers; induction of the expression of Nrf2 target gene (GSTP1) in the larvae’s intestines and livers; exhibits a potent therapeutic effect and extremely low toxicity to zebrafish embryos [54] so is a promising candidate for clinical trials |
Acetal- poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(nitroxyl radical-containing aminomethyl-styrene) or TEMPO-containing acetal-poly(ethylene glycol)-block- poly(chloromethylstyrene) | Acetal-PEG-b-PRAS | NRNPN | Low—does not show any cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 8 mM | ~ 40 | High-performance NPs; ROS-scavenging ability [55] |
TEMPO-containing acetal-PEG-b-PCMS | |||||
Silica-containing RNP | Si-RNP | NRNPN | No toxicity found | 43.6–55.4 | Stability at low pH; slower drug releasing and high accumulation in the colon; easier adsorption of drug on silica; more effective drug loading; anticancer activity [19]; ROS-scavenging ability [40] |
Gd3N@C80 encapsulated RNP | Gd3NP | NRNPN | No toxicity found | ~ 50 | ROS-scavenging ability; colloidal stability; long-term circulation ability Nano-contrast agent for MRI for clinical diagnosis [41] |
Boron cluster-containing RNP | B-RNP | NRNPN | No toxicity found | 36 | ROS-scavenging ability; high colloidal stability; ability to damage tumor cells; ability to suppress the tumor growth and metastasis; huge potential in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy as a boron delivery system [39] |