Fig. 3

Biological processes regulated by chitosan NCs on \({\text{M}}{\upphi }{\text{s}}\). Transcriptome analysis was performed on \({\text{M}}{\upphi }{\text{s}}\) isolated from three different donors and treated with 10 µg/ml CS-NCs for 18 h. a MA plot showing differentially expressed (DE) genes by CS-NCs relative to untreated controls. Genes with an FDR < 0.05 are shown in red. b Validation of the expression of selected candidate genes by ELISA. One representative experiment (out of three) is shown. Error bars represent the mean ± SD and significant differences between treatments are indicated by an asterisk, in which ***p < 0.001. c Significantly enriched biological processes (KEGG analysis) for genes regulated by CS-NC treatment relative to untreated controls. Interact. interaction, path. pathway