Fig. 1

Characterization of various prepared liposomal particles. a Schematic of the prepared NL@Cas9-RNP particle system. b Measurement of encapsulation efficiency for various liposomal particles by assaying Cas9 protein level in the supernatant after centrifugation (upper panel shows western blotting data of supernatant, n = 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). c Zeta-potential analysis data of various particles. Lec: lecithin only liposome particle; Lec@Cas9-RNP: Cas9-RNP encapsulated Lec; NL@Cas9-RNP(−): Cas9-RNP encapsulated NL without PEI polymer fusion; NL@Cas9-RNP: PEI polymer linked Cas9-RNP encapsulated NL. d Determination of solution stability over time by measuring absorption at 430 nm through UV–Vis spectroscopy