Table 7 Performance of composites, blends and hybrid materials based on synthetic polymers for ligament/tendon TE
From: Biodegradable polymer nanocomposites for ligament/tendon tissue engineering
Material | Scaffold | Application | In vivo/in vitro | Mechanical performance | Biological performance | Refs. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young’s modulus(MPa) | Max. strength(MPa) | Max. load (N) | ||||||
PGA-PLA | Two ends cord: inner part: PGA unwoven fibers outer part: knitted PGA and PLA fibers | Tendon | In vitro (AMSCs); in vivo, rabbit model | ND | 53.71 ± 22.32 | ND | AMSCs adhesion and proliferation, ECM synthesis At 12 weeks post-repair, middle part with organized Col pattern and host inflammatory cells At 45 weeks, mature elongated tendons, aligned Col fibers; Scaffold completely degraded | [115] |
PLA-GNP; PLA-(CNT-COOH) | Melt-blended films of: (i) PLA/CNT-COOH (ii) PLA/GNP | Ligament/tendon | In vitro (HDF), in vivo, mice model | (i) 4860 ± 470 (ii) 4920 ± 150 | (i) 72.22 ± 1.52 (ii) 58.56 ± 3.99 | ND | In vitro: Cell adhesion, proliferation; (i) Higher proliferation compared to (ii) In vivo: localized inflammatory response Livers with no toxicity for (i), (ii) | |
PLLA-PLGA | (i) PLLA yarns (ii) PLGA yarns (iii) Two ends Knitted (PLLA-PLGA) | Ligament | ND | (iii) ~ 287 | (iii) ~ 60 | (iii) 72 | ND | [35] |
Two ends Knitted (PLLA-PLGA): (i) no cells, no fascia lata wrap (ii) MSCs seeded (iii) MSCs seeded + fascia wrap (iv) fascia lata wrap | Ligament | In vivo, rabbit model | ND | ND | (i) 14.0 ± 7.8 (ii) 14.9 ± 6.6 (iii) 20.9 ± 4.5 (iv) 15.8 ± 6.8 (at 20 weeks post-surgery) | (i)–(iv) Cellular spread and elongation; few macrophages; ECM synthesis (i), (ii) Non parallel fibroblasts (iii), (iv) Higher Col type I and type III | [110] | |
PLLA-PEGDAa | (i) Braid-twist fibrous PLLA and crosslinked PEGDA hydrogel (ii) Braid twist (no hydrogel) | Ligament | In vitro (primary rabbit PT fibroblasts) | (i) 437 ± 38 (ii) ND | (i) 36 ± 3 (ii) ND | ND | (i) Higher cell proliferation than (ii), at day 14 of culture (i), (ii) Comparable cell proliferation, at day 21 and 28 of culture | [118] |
PLA-Hydroxyapatite | 3D printed PLA scaffold: (i) No coating (ii) Coated with hydroxyapatite (iii) Coated with hydroxyapatite + MSCs suspended in hydrogel | Ligament | In vitro (rabbit MSCs); in vivo, rabbit model | ND | In vitro: (iii) Higher cell proliferation and osteogenic markers, compared to (i), (ii) In vivo: (iii) After 4 weeks post-surgery, more chondrocytes and cartilage matrix in the interface with the bone; higher Col fibers, after 12 weeks | [114] | ||