Fig. 3

Administration of exosomes following SCI suppressed the activation of M1 microglia and A1 astrocytes in vivo. a The concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in PBS and Exos groups. b Representative immunostaining image of IBA1/INOS in the injured spinal cord lesion areas and the analysis of INOS-positive microglia in the traumatic lesion area. c Representative immunostaining image of GFAP/C3 in the injured spinal cord lesion areas and the analysis of C3-positive astrocyte in the traumatic lesion area. d Western blot analysis of M1-related proteins in PBS and Exos groups. e Western blot analysis of A1-related proteins in PBS and Exos groups. *P < 0.05