Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment

Table 1 The doping ratio of different ions of UCNP and their major emission wavelength

Dopant ions and compositional ion				Major emissions (nm)			References
Host lattice	Sensitizer	Activator	Shell	Blue	Green	Red	References
β-NaYF₄	20%Yb	2%Er		450, 476	520	654	Ref. [51]
	20%Yb	0.2%Tm			540		Ref. [38]
	20%Yb	2%Ho			541		Ref. [38]
β-NaYF₄	25%Yb	0.3%Tm	20%Yb, 2%Er	450	520	653	Ref .[52]
β-NaYF₄	25%Yb	0.3%Tm	20%Yb, 2%Er	475	540	653	Ref .[52]
Li⁺ doped β-NaYF₄	20%Yb	0.5%Tm		452, 479		650	Ref.[39]
Mn⁺ doped β-NaYF₄	20%Yb	2%Er				657	Ref. [53]
β-NaYF₄	18.6%Yb	2.2%Er	TRITC-SiO₂	407			Ref. [40]
	25%Yb	0.3%Tm	SiO₂	450, 479	521, 539	651	Ref. [54]
	25%Yb	0.3%Tm	FITC-SiO₂	450, 479	521, 539, 580	651	Ref. [41]
	25%Yb	0.3%Tm	QD-SiO₂	450, 479	540	605	Ref. [41]
α-NaYF₄	20%Yb	2%Er		411		660	Ref. [55]
	20%Yb	0.2%Tm		450	540	644	Ref. [42]
	20%Yb	0.2%Er		475	525	693	Ref. [42]

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