Fig. 5

Regulation of various polystyrene nanoparticles on macrophage function. a–d Typical cytokine expression in RAW264.7 cells, and M1 and M2 macrophages. e, f Change in expression of CD86 on RAW264.7 cells (e) and M2 macrophages (f) after treatment with various nanoparticles. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3), * Indicates p < 0.05, vs. untreated. COOH-PS: carboxyl-functionalized polystyrene; DEX-PS: dextran-functionalized polystyrene; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; PS: polystyrene; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha