Fig. 1

Fabrication pathway and functional groups characterization of nanocarriers. a synthetic steps of P(NIPAAm-co-DMAEMA) through free-radical polymerization followed by modified emulsification method. b FT-IR spectrum of P(NIPAAm-co-DMAEMA). c ¹H NMR spectra of P(PNIPAAm-co-DMAEMA) in d₆-DMSO using a Bruker AVANCE III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer at 298 K. Polymerization conditions were 3.8 g PNIPAAm, 0.335 g DMAEMA and TEGDMA (2% w/w) as a crosslinker at 70 °C in H₂O for 12 h. The solvent peak was at 2.5 ppm and the water peak was at 3.35 ppm. They are represented with the asterisk symbol (*)