Fig. 4

a Effect of CNPs treated by ethanol on the intracellular K⁺ accumulation in BY-2 cells. K⁺ accumulation was measured in medium containing 46.88 mM K⁺, except for control group. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (n = 4). b FT-IR spectra of CNPs and CNPs(E). c, d TG and DTG thermograms for CNPs and CNPs(E). e, f FTIR spectra representing absorbance at different temperatures of CNPs and CNPs(E). e CNPs, f CNPs(E). CNPs(E) CNPs treated by ethanol